Qian Mausoleum-Epitome of Tang Dynasty 乾陵-盛唐皇室的缩影

时间:2020-04-01 15:04:57

乾陵位于咸阳乾县城北6公里的梁山上,是唐高宗李治和女皇武则天的合葬墓陵。乾陵以山为陵,依梁山而建,座北朝南,由内外两城组成,占地颇广。现在外城遗迹已消失,内城遗迹仍保存较好。

Qian Mausoleum or Qianling is located in Liangshan, 6 kilometers north of Qianxian County, Xianyang. It is the tomb of Tang Emperor Li Zhi and Queen Wu Zetian. Qianling takes the mountain as the mausoleum, built according to the Liangshan Mountain, with a north and south seat, composed of two internal and external cities, covering a wide area. Now the remains of the outer city have disappeared, and the relics of the inner city are still well preserved.

梁山北峰最高,海拔1047.9米,高宗和武则天两帝的合葬墓就在此峰中。南面两峰较低,东西对峙,中间为司马道。由侧面远远望去,宛如一位女性仰卧大地。乾陵利用自然山势修建,陵园雄踞整个梁山山峦,主峰如首而高昂,南面两峰东西对峙。乾陵是“唐十八陵”中保存最完整的一座皇家陵园,规模宏大,气势雄伟,是唐陵中具有代表性的一座,也是中国历史上唯一一座两个皇帝的合葬墓。

Liangshan North Peak is the highest, 1047.9 meters above sea level, Li Zhi and Wu Zetian two emperors of the funeral tomb is in this peak. To the south, the two peaks are low, east-west confrontation, in the middle of Sima Road. From a distance from the side, like a woman lying on her back on the earth. Qianling made use of the natural mountains to build, the mausoleum occupies the whole Liangshan mountains, the main peak is as high as the first and high, and the two peaks in the south confront each other. Qianling is the most complete royal mausoleum in the 18th Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty, with a large scale and majestic momentum. It is a representative tomb in the Tang mausoleum and the only joint tomb of two emperors in Chinese history.

乾陵地面文物主要是石刻,共计114件。石刻多用整块巨石雕成。乾陵两旁现有华表1对,翼马、驼鸟各1对,石马5对,翁仲10对,石碑2道。东为著名的武则天“无字碑”,西为述圣记碑。有王宾像61尊,石狮1对,周围还有17座陪葬墓。“唐高宗陵墓”墓碑,高2米,是陕西巡府毕源为高宗所立,原碑已毁,现在这块碑是清乾隆年间重建的。此碑右前侧另一块墓碑,是郭沫若题写的“唐高宗李治与则天皇帝之墓”12个大字。乾陵东南有17座陪葬墓,永泰公主、章怀太子、懿德太子墓现已发掘复原,并在永泰公主墓园内建有乾陵博物馆。

Qianling ground cultural relics are mainly stone carvings, a total of 114 pieces. Stone carvings are carved out of whole boulders. There are 1 pair of Chinese tables on both sides of Qianling, 1 pair of winged horses and 1 pair of camel birds, 5 pairs of stone horses, 10 pairs of Weng Zhong, and 2 pairs of stone tablets. The east is the famous Wu Zetian "no word tablet", the west is the narrative holy tablet. There are 61 Wang Bin statues, 1 pair of stone lions, and 17 funeral tombs around. The tombstone of "Tang Gaozong Mausoleum", 2 meters high, was built by Gao Zong in Biyuan, Shaanxi Province. The original tablet has been destroyed, and now it was rebuilt during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. The other tombstone on the front right side of the tablet is the 12 characters of "Tang Gao Zong Li Zhi and the Tomb of the Emperor of Heaven" written by Guo Moruo. There are 17 funeral tombs southeast of Qianling. Princess Yongtai, Prince Zhang Huaizi and Prince Yide have been excavated and restored, and Qianling Museum has been built in Princess Yongtai Cemetery.

“山不在高,有仙则名”。上到乾陵,确实会感到一种气势,一种仰天俯地,惟我独尊的气势!

If the mountain is not high, it is famous if there are immortals. When you go up to Qianling, you will really feel a kind of momentum, a kind of attitude that rises to the sky and bends to the ground, but my exclusive momentum!

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最有名的无字碑 The most famous tablet without letters:

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在朱雀门外的司马道东侧,耸立着闻名于世的无字碑,通身取材于一块完整的巨石,高7.53米,宽2.1米,厚1.49米,总重量98.8吨,给人以凝重厚实,浑然一体的美感。碑额未题碑名,碑额阳面正中一条螭龙,左右侧各四条,共有九条螭龙,故亦称“九龙碑”。碑的两侧有升龙图,各有一条线刻而成腾空飞舞的巨龙,栩栩如生。碑座阳面还有线刻的狮马图,长2.14米,宽0.66米。其马屈蹄俯首,雄狮则昂首怒目。碑上还有许多花草纹饰,线条精细流畅。

On the east side of Sima Road outside Zhu Qumen, there is a famous word-free tablet, made from a complete boulder, 7.53 meters high, 2.1 meters wide, 1.49 meters thick, and a total weight of 98.8 tons. There is no title of the inscription. There is a Chi dragon in the middle of the positive side of the inscription, four in the left and right sides, and there are nine Chi dragons in all, so it is also known as the "Nine Dragon Tablet". On both sides of the tablet is a picture of the rising dragon, each with a line engraved into a giant dragon flying in the sky, lifelike. There is also a line engraved lion horse map on the positive side of the pedestal, which is 2.14 meters long and 0.66 meters wide. His horse bent down, while the lion held his head high and glared. There are also many flowers and plants on the tablet, the lines are fine and smooth.

无字碑北靠东阙,南依翁仲,西与述圣纪碑相对,巍峨壮观,雕刻精美,为历代群碑之冠。

The word-free tablet lies in the east que in the north, the south in Weng Zhong, and the stone in the west in the opposite part of the sage tablet. It is towering and spectacular, beautifully carved, and is the crown of the group tablets of the past dynasties.

宋金以后,开始有游人题字于碑,使无字碑成为有字碑。再历元、明、清各代,碑上逐渐镌刻了许多文字,不仅在内容上自然形成了评价武则天的“碑文”,而且在书法上真、草、隶、篆、行五体皆备,或许这正符合了武则天当初立碑的本意。其中1135年《大金皇弟都统经略郎君行记》保存比较完整,以女真文字刻写,旁边有汉字译文。女真文字现已绝迹,因此,碑上的文字成为研究女真文字和中国少数民族历史文化不可多得的珍贵资料。

After the Song and Jin Dynasties, visitors began to inscribe inscriptions on the tablet, so that the word-free tablet became a tablet. In the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, many characters were gradually engraved on the tablet, which not only naturally formed the "inscription" to evaluate Wu Zetian in content, but also was prepared in calligraphy, including truth, grass, li, seal seal and line. Perhaps this was in line with the original intention of Wu Zetian. Among them, 1135 "Dajin Emperor all through Lilang Jun Journey" is relatively complete, engraved in Nuzhen characters, next to the translation of Chinese characters. Nuzhen characters have now disappeared, therefore, the characters on the tablet have become a rare and precious material for the study of Nuzhen characters and the history and culture of Chinese ethnic minorities.

述圣纪碑 Stone Stele Dedicated to Emperor:

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述圣纪碑位于司马道西侧,与无字碑相对,是武则天亲撰、其子唐中宗李显书丹,是为唐高宗歌功颂德的一通功德碑,北距西阙8.65米。述圣纪碑记述高宗文治武功,开帝王陵前立功德碑之先例。在乾陵之前,帝王的陵墓不树碑,墓内也不放墓志铭,乾陵突破了这一惯例,因此述圣纪碑具有特殊的历史价值。

Shunji tablet is located on the west side of Sima Road, opposite to the wordless tablet. It is written by Wu Zetian and his son, Tang Zhongzong Li Xian. It is a meritorious tablet for Tang Gaozong, 8.65 meters north of the west que. This paper describes the sacred tablet, which describes the martial arts of Gao Zong Wenzhi and the precedent of setting the monument of merit and virtue in front of the king's mausoleum of Emperor. Before the Qianling Mausoleum, the emperor's mausoleum did not set tablets, and there was no epitaph in the tombs. Qianling broke through this practice, so the sage tablet has special historical value.

述圣纪碑为长方形,高7.53米,每边宽1.86米,重约89.6吨。碑顶为庑殿式建筑,檐角刻有4个护法力士。檐雕斗拱中间为五节碑身,由五块完整的青石榫卯相接而成。下为碑座,亦用榫卯相接。碑座刻有獬豸和海石榴纹。全碑由顶、身、座七部分构成,碑首象征太阳,碑座象征月亮,中间五节象征金、木、水、火、土五行。古人认为,万事万物都是由“日、月、金、木、水、火、土”这七个部分所组成,所以,述圣纪碑又有“七节碑”之称。七节取“七曜”之意,故立七节碑也就是寓意高宗皇帝的文治武功如日、月、星、辰一样普照天下,光照千秋  。述圣纪碑全文镌刻在碑的正阳面,碑身五节除第一块和四块无字外,其余三块的正面及东西两侧均刻有字。碑文为骈体,共计46行,5600余字,皆楷书。由于千年风雨侵蚀,加之人为破坏,现仅存文字1600余字。据资料记载碑文刻好后,每个字的凹槽处都填有金屑,远远望去金光闪闪,故又称“金子碑”。初建有碑亭,碑亭建筑基址呈方形,南北18.80米,东西18.85米,现碑亭早已不存。

The tablet is rectangular, 7.53 meters high, 1.86 meters wide on each side and weighs about 89.6 tons. The top of the tablet is a temple building, with four protectors engraved on the eaves. In the middle of the eaves carving bucket arch is five inscriptions, which are connected by five complete turquoise tenons and morons. The bottom is the pedestal, which is also connected with tenons and tenons. The pedestal is engraved with pomegranate lines of terraces and pomegranates. The whole tablet is composed of seven parts: top, body and pedestal. The head of the tablet symbolizes the sun, the pedestal symbolizes the moon, and the middle five sections symbolize gold, wood, water, fire and earth. The ancients believed that everything was composed of seven parts: sun, moon, gold, wood, water, fire and earth. Therefore, the inscription of the Holy Records is also known as the "Seven inscriptions". The seventh section takes the meaning of "Qiyao", so setting up the seven inscriptions means that the martial arts of Emperor Gaozong, such as the sun, the moon, the stars and the Chen, shine on the world and shine on the autumn of thousands of years. The full text of the monument is engraved on the positive yang side of the tablet. Except for the first and four pieces of the inscription, the other three pieces are engraved on the front and on both sides of the east and west. The inscription is parallel style, a total of 46 lines, more than 5600 words, are regular script. Due to the erosion of thousands of years of wind and rain, coupled with man-made destruction, there are only more than 1600 words left. According to the data records, after the inscription was engraved, the grooves of each word were filled with gold chips, and the gold sparkled from a distance, so it was also known as the "gold tablet." At the beginning of the construction of the stele pavilion, the site of the stele pavilion is square, 18.80 meters north and south, 18.85 meters east and west, and now the stele pavilion is long gone.

神兽石狮镇守陵墓 Stone Lion Guard:

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从梁山南二峰的天然双阙起,往北依次对称排列。端立首位的是1对高达8米有余的八棱柱石华表,这是帝王陵墓的标志。接着是一对昂首挺胸、浑圆壮观的石刻翼马,马身两翼雕以卷云纹,似有腾飞之势。翼马之北是1对优美的高浮雕鸵鸟,是唐王朝同西域人民文化交流与友好往来的象征。紧接鸵鸟的是5对配有驭手的石仗马和10对高4米左右的石翁仲以及一对石狮。

From the natural double que of the second peak of the south of Liangshan, it is arranged symmetrically to the north. At the top of the list is a pair of octagonal stone watches as high as 8 meters high, which is the symbol of the emperor's mausoleum. Then there was a pair of stone-carved winged horses with high heads and magnificent circles, and the two wings of the horse were carved with curly clouds, as if they had the potential to take off. The north of the wing horse is a pair of beautiful high relief ostriches, which is the symbol of the cultural exchange and friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and the people of the Western regions. The ostrich was followed by five pairs of stone ponies with controllers and 10 pairs of stone ponies about 4 meters high, as well as a pair of stone lions.


六十一蕃臣像 61 the statue of the minister:

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乾陵引人注目之处,还有朱雀门外的神道东西两侧,分布着的两组石人群像。石人群像整齐恭敬地排列于陵前,西侧32尊,东侧29尊,共61尊。这些石人是当时唐王朝属下的少数民族官员和邻国王子、使节,唐高宗入葬时前往参加葬礼,武则天为炫扬大唐威势,将他们雕像立于陵前。在石人像的背部刻有国别、官职和姓名,今字迹可辨认者有“木俱罕国王斯陀勒”、“盛于阗王尉迟璥”、“吐火罗王子持羯达犍”、“默啜使移力贪汗达干”、“播仙城主何伏帝延”等七尊。

There are also two groups of stone crowds distributed on the east and west sides of the Shinto outside Zhu Qumen, where the Qianling Mausoleum stands for attention. The stone crowd arranged neatly and respectfully in front of the mausoleum, 32 on the west side and 29 on the east side, a total of 61. These stone people were minority officials of the Tang Dynasty and princes and envoys of neighboring countries at that time. Tang Gaozong went to attend the funeral when Tang Gaozong was buried. Wu Zetian stood their statues in front of the mausoleum in order to dazzle the power of the Tang Dynasty. On the back of the stone statue are engraved with country, official office and name, and today's handwriting is recognizable in seven places.

这些石人残像大小和真人差不多,习惯上把这些石像称之为“蕃像”、“宾王像”,也称“六十一蕃臣像”。这些与真人大小相仿的石人,穿着打扮各不相同,有袍服束腰,也有翻领紫袖。但他们都双双并立,两手前拱,姿态极为谦恭,仿佛在这里列队恭迎皇帝的到来,但这些石像现在都没有脑袋。

These stone statues are about the size of real people, are dressed differently, with robes and waistlines, as well as lapel purple sleeves. But they all stood side by side, arched in front of both hands, and were extremely courteous, as if they were lining up here to welcome the emperor's arrival, but none of the stone statues now had heads.

话说千遍不如来参观一遍,有空就来乾陵转转吧。

It is better to visit than to hear a thousand times.

编辑: 张雯妮